Einstein International Journal Organization(EIJO)

Abstract

Consumption of tobacco in smoke or smokeless form is hazardous to health. As oral environment is exposed to tobacco, its effects are visible primarily on oral health and thus it is considered as major etiologic factor in malignant and nonmalignant oral diseases. Many of them subside with cessation of tobacco but few remain irreversible. Tobacco in addition with other risk factors adds potential threat to oral tissues. This article presents an overview of abusive effects of tobacco on oral tissues and focuses on its prevention and control.

1. Sayed M. Mirbod, Stephen I. Ahing.Tobacco-Associated Lesions of the Oral Cavity.J Can Dent Assoc 2000; 66:252-6.
2. Bhandari A, Bhatta N. Tobacco and its Relationship with Oral Health. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2021 Nov 15;59(243):1204-1206.
3. India Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2016-17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
4. India Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). National, 2019.
5. Lawler TS, Stanfill SB, Zhang L, Ashley DL & Watson CH Chemical characterization of domestic oral tobacco products: total nicotine, pH, unprotonated nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Food Chem. Toxicol 57, 380–386 (2013).
6. Edwards SH et al. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of U.S. commercial cigarettes. Chem. Res. Toxicol 30, 540–551, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00268 (2017).
7. Stanfill SB et al. Chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products from South Asia: Nicotine, unprotonated nicotine, tobacco-specific N'-Nitrosamines, and flavor compounds. Food Chem. Toxicol 118, 626–634, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.004 (2018).
8. Edwards SH et al. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of commercial little cigars. Chem. Res. Toxicol .2021;34, 1034–1045.
9. Regezi J, Sciubba J. Oral pathology. Clinical-pathologic correlations. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998. p. 146-50
10. Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza clinical periodontology. 10th ed. . St.Louis: W.B.Saunders; 2006. pp. 251–258.
11. Hedin C.A. Smokers’ melanosis: Occurrence and localization in the attached gingiva. Arch. Dermatol. 1977;113:1533–1538.
12. Mohammed F, Fairozekhan AT. Oral Leukoplakia. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.
13. Jiang X, Wu J, Wang J, Huang R. Tobacco and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of carcinogenic pathways. Tob Induc Dis. 2019 Apr 12;17:29.