Einstein International Journal Organization(EIJO)

Abstract

Introduction: Human health is one of the most important factors influencing economic development in any economy. Adverse habits like smoking, alcoholism etc. affect the overall health of human body and it has been that for the past few decades tobacco usage is dangerous in developed countries. Tobacco use is harmful to all human biological system; including the oral cavity.

Material and method: in the present study a randomized controlled trial was done among 150 subjects allocated in three groups. Counseling only, NRT using gum plus counseling and NRT using patch plus counseling and subjected to respective intervention for 3 months period. The reduction in frequency and amount of tobacco use, change in nicotine dependence score and difference in levels of exhaled carbon monoxide between baseline and follow up were used to evaluate the effectiveness of three interventions.

Results : There were more number of smokers who smoke daily at baseline but reduced at follow-up in all of the study groups but more number of reductions in smoking frequency has been reported in  Group II (NRT using gum + counseling) and Group III (NRT using patch + counseling) than Group I (counseling) (p=0.001). Similarly more percentage reduction in nicotine dependence scores was seen in Group II and Group III than Group I.

Conclusion: NRT using Gum given with brief counseling was an effective routine smoking cessation intervention

References

1. Reddy KS et al , Gupta PC. Report on tobacco control in India. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Report number. 2004;1:1–378
2. George et al Johny MK, Mulamoottil MV, Lonappan J. Tobacco- a deadly poison. Asian Pac. J. Health Sci. 2014;1(4S):6–13
3. T F Heatherton et al The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire British Journal of Addiction (1991) 86, 1119-1127
4. Fagerström, K.O et al Effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine gum as individual versus combined treatments for tobacco withdrawal symptoms1993
5. Thorsteinn Blonda et al Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up 1999
6. Hartmann-Boyce et al Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation n The Cochrane Library 2004, Issue 2
7. Mamta Parashar, et al Prevalence and correlates of nicotine dependence among construction site workers: A cross-sectional study in Delhi
8. Robert E. Rake et al Nicotine Addiction 2012, Pages 1105-1122
9. S.ErhanDeveci et al The measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy smokers and non-smokers
10. Maria K. W. Leung et al Combined nicotine patch with gum versus nicotine patch alone in smoking cessation in Hong Kong primary care clinics: a randomised controlled trial2017